减少光照面积控制刺芹侧耳菇蕾数量研究

刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii)原基形成过多影响子实体商品的产量和品质,生产上一般通过人工疏蕾保证单菇重达到商品菇要求。通过在刺芹侧耳菌丝体培养阶段结束后进入生殖生长时,采用中间留有直径4cm圆形孔的20cm×20cm牛皮纸(100g/m2,透光率5%)套住刺芹侧耳袋口端,减少栽培袋袋口光照面积,考察对原基发育和子实体生长的影响。结果表明:刺芹侧耳菇蕾在开口处分化并迅速发育成子实体,使采收期比对照提前1.8d;而在被牛皮纸覆盖的区域菇蕾不能分化,从而有效地控制刺芹侧耳菇蕾的数量,使疏蕾次数从对照的2次减为1次;同时,局部遮光而对子实体产量没有显著影响。     

重庆地区川茶花品种资源的搜集整理初报

山茶花( Camellia japonica L.)亦称川茶花,别名海石榴、曼陀罗树(《群芳谱》、晚山茶(《花镜》)、耐冬(《青岛木本植物名录》),日本称薮椿。为山茶科( Theaceae)山茶属( Camellia)的常绿灌木或小乔木,是我国10大名花之一。 川茶花冬春开花,花大色艳,花期长,适应性和抗污力较强。因此,无论用于庭园或绿点栽植,都具有很高的观赏价值。我国是山茶花的主要原产地之一,具有悠久的栽培历史。据史料记载,唐代以前已有栽培,到宋时栽培较为普遍。17世纪后期,我国的山茶花传到了欧洲,成为世界名花。目前,全世界山茶花品种约1.5万个,已命名的品种在3000个以上。重庆位于四川盆地的东南,年平均气温18.4℃,冬季温暖 (1月分平均气温7.8℃),雨量充沛,年平均降雨量1080mm,相对湿度79％,土壤多为紫色土和黄壤,呈中性和微酸性反应,适宜于山茶花生长发育,1986年川茶花定为重庆市市花,为了充分发挥重庆传统名花的优势,丰富人民文化生活,调查、搜集、整理川茶花品种资源是非常必要的。     

Infection routes for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in apetalous and fully petalled winter oilseed rape

Near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of apetalous (AP) and fully petalled (FP) winter oilseed rape were used to investigate infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which occurs mainly via infected petals adhering to leaves in FP oilseed rape. AP1 flowers had an average of 1·4 and 0·8 petals per flower in field and polytunnel experiments, respectively. In field experiments there were no significant differences between counts of FP1 petals, FP1 stamens and AP1 stamens adhered to leaves during flowering. At any one sample time, significantly more stamens tested positive for S. sclerotiorum on AP1 than FP1 NILs, e.g. in 2004, at early flowering 37·5% and 24·2% of stamens tested positive on AP1 and FP1 NILs, respectively. In polytunnel experiments, there were significantly more sclerotinia lesions per plant in the FP1 than in the AP1 NIL. The AP1 NIL did not avoid infection completely, probably because it produced some petals, and lesions were initiated from adhered stamens as well as petals. However, while 8·5% and 16·3% of petals initiated lesions in FP1 and AP1 NILs, respectively, only 2·5% and 1·0% of stamens initiated lesions in FP1 and AP1 NILs, which suggests stamens may be less infective than petals. In field experiments the AP1 NIL had significantly less incidence of sclerotinia stem rot than the FP1 NIL in 2004 (4·9% and 7·0%, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in stem rot incidence between AP and FP lines in 2005 (3·6% and 4·3%, respectively) or 2006 (5·5% and 3·9%, respectively).     

新疆高葶韭雄蕊开花动态特征与花粉育性研究

为进一步研究国内仅分布于新疆的高葶韭（Allium obliquum）花粉发育、传粉生物学以及为高葶韭人工有性繁殖提供理论依据和试验方法,定株观察了花期高葶韭雄蕊的开花进程以及形态变化特征,并采用6种方法测定了高葶韭花粉育性。结果显示,高葶韭单花开放经过5个形态变化至花药脱落和花被片完全闭合。高葶韭内轮花丝先于外轮花丝伸长,内轮花药先伸出花被片,随后外轮花药陆续伸出花被片。雄蕊开放至6枚花药全部脱落4～5 d。单枚花药从散粉到完全散粉一般需要1.5～2.0 h。散粉后高葶韭花粉活力（萌发率） 0～10 h内超过50%。0.5%氯化三苯基四氮唑、四甲基偶氮唑、联苯胺和离体萌发法可以用来检验高葶韭花粉活力和花粉萌发率,而醋酸洋红和碘 碘化钾不适合高葶韭花粉育性的测定。高葶韭具有雌雄异熟、雄蕊先熟于雌蕊的花部特征,花粉可育且寿命短。     

白魔芋开花过程内源激素动态变化

为探讨白魔芋开花过程中激素与雌、雄蕊成熟时间的关系,利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对白魔芋从佛焰苞形成前期到开花后期6个不同时期雄蕊和雌蕊中4种内源激素:生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)的质量比进行测定和分析.结果表明,IAA,GA3,ABA和ZT 4种激素的质量比均呈现出不同的变化规律,IAA在雄蕊和雌蕊中均表现为下降—上升—下降的变化趋势;ABA表现出上升—下降—上升的变化趋势,与IAA的趋势相反;GA3在整个过程中没有明显的变化规律,雄蕊在佛焰苞成形后期达到最大值,约为195ng/g,而雌蕊GA3的质量比晚于雄蕊达到最大值,雌蕊在开花前期才达到最大值,约为188ng/g;ZT质量比的变化为先升后降、再升再降.在花芽形态分化,即雌、雄蕊成熟的关键时期,雌蕊中内源IAA,GA3和ZT的质量比均高于雄蕊,且GA3表现明显,说明较高浓度的IAA,GA3和ZT在成熟过程中起促进作用,在同一过程中,雄蕊中ABA的质量比却高于雌蕊的,而雄蕊晚熟于雌蕊,表明较高浓度的ABA抑制雄蕊的成熟.ABA/IAA和ABA/ZT的比值呈现出与ABA相同的变化趋势,高浓度的ABA/IAA,ABA/ZT和ABA/GA3均不利于雄蕊的成熟,进一步证明高浓度ABA是抑制雄蕊成熟的关键因子.     

西葫芦雄蕊与雄配子体发育的研究

西葫芦（ＣｕｃｕｒｂｉｔａｐｅｐｏＬ．）雄蕊５枚，由（２）＋（２）＋１的三体组成，花丝粗短，各花药具２个花粉囊，呈Ｓ形弯曲。横切面观察，有３０个花粉囊分布其表面。药隔发达；造孢细胞分裂仅２～３次，小孢子母细胞减数分裂基本同步，四分体时胼胝质壁发达。为四面体型排列，胞质分裂为同时型，小孢子大而明显；雄配子体球形，外壁厚具刺，萌发孔多个，具盖状结构，属于２－细胞型。     

新质源雄性不育烟草MS革新3号雄蕊发生的细胞学观察

雄性不育烟草MS革新3号的雄性败育时期发生在雄蕊原基分化后至孢原细胞形成前,在开放花朵中很少能见到退化的雄蕊,偶或有退化雄蕊的,也没有正常花药的形成,仅有退化花丝和畸形萎缩花药,花药内空无一物。与正常烟草(保持系)子房由2心皮组成不同,雄性不育烟草MS革新3号子房绝大多数都由3心皮组成。     

棉花喷水杀雄技术研究初报

以柱头长度不同的两个品种作母本进行了喷水杀雄技术研究,并与人工去雄的时效、种子纯度等进行了比较。结果表明:以柱头相对较长(柱头伸出花药0.3cm以上)的品种作母本,人工喷水(粗雾)杀雄制种,杀雄彻底,杂种率可达99.9％以上,收获率与人工去雄授粉法相当,高达90％;操作简便、速度快,省工省时,可比人工去雄授粉节省50％的人工投入,显著降低制种成本。     

Shoot development and flowering in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary The shoot system of potato is a configuration of stems with terminal inflorescences. In this review, shoot development is quantified in terms of stem production, while stem development is quantified in terms of leaf and flower primordia production per stem, which are functions of the rates and the durations of primordia initiation. The effect of the position of the stem in the shoot system on number of leaves and flowers per stem is also evaluated. Flowering of individual stems is described by the ‘time to flower primordia initiation’ (expressed in number of leaves produced) and ‘flower production’ (a function of the number and the development of flower primordia). At warmer temperatures and longer daylengths the number of leaves and flower primordia per stem, and the number of stems per shoot increase by prolonging stem production and primordia development. Temperature and photoperiod also affect flower primordia survival by altering assimilate production and partitioning. The photothermal response of the number of leaves per stem is small compared to the response of stem production; at higher temperatures, flower primordia survival becomes the principal factor determining flower production. The similarity of the signals leading to flower primordia initiation and tuberization, and the relation between shoot and tuber growth are discussed.